|
IL Registro Osservazionale delle Sindromi coronariche Acute dell’ASL SA 3 (R.O.S.A.)
Giovanni Gregorio
U.O. Utic-Cardiologia Ospedale San Luca Vallo della Lucania Dipartimento Cardiovascolare ASL SA 3 Vallo della Lucania
1. Rationale I nuovi criteri diagnostici delle S.C.A. legati alla introduzione nella pratica clinica dei nuovi e più sensibili markers di necrosi miocardica ha determinato un incremento delle diagnosi e delle ospedalizzazione per S.C.A.. Ciò ha determinato non solo la ridefinizione della epidemiologia delle SCA ma ha portato alla aggiornamento delle Linee Guida ed alla implementazione di nuovi percorsi diagnostico-terapeutici,. Con gli studi BLITZ1 e Blitz 2 promossi dall’Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri e la Indagine svolta dall’ Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri della Campania è stato definito il quadro epidemiologico e diagnostico-assistenziali delle SCA in Italia e in Campania. Sulla base di tali premesse il Dipartimento Cardiovascolare della ASL SA 3 ha definito un registro oseervazionale sulle Sindromi Coronarica Acute ospedalizzate nei presidi ospedalieri della ASL SA 3.
2. Le Sindromi Coronariche Acute Ai fini di un corretto inquadramento le S.C.A. vengono distinte in 1. S.C.A. con ST elevato :si definisce SCA-ST ELEVATO una sindrome coronarica acuta in cui vi siano markers di necrosi cardiaca positivi e sopraslivellamento di ST non preesistente all’ECG di ingresso (o presumibilmente non preesistente se non vi sono ECG precedenti) 2. SCA-ST NON ELEVATO : si definisce SCA-ST NON ELEVATO una sindrome coronarica acuta in cui vi siano markers di necrosi cardiaca positivi senza un elevazione del tratto ST 3. BBS / IMA a sede sconosciuta: rientrano in questo gruppo le S.C.A. con BBS o nelle quali non è possibile individuare una sede 4 I.M.A. periprocedurale: si identifica con tale termine la condizione caratterizzata da innalzamento significative dei markers di necrosi miocardica con o senza modifiche ecg in corso o dopo procedure di cardiologia interentistica 5. Angina Instablie :si definisce angina instabile se vi è angina pectoris (o equivalenti ischemici) con una delle tre seguenti caratteristiche: a) Angina a riposo e prolungata, di solito > 20’. b) Angina di nuova insorgenza almeno di classe III CCS. c) Recente accelerazione di angina caratterizzata da peggioramento di almeno una classe CCS ad almeno la classe III. Non ci deve essere evidenza biochimica di necrosi
Va inoltre specificata la Canadian Angina Class CCS1: L’angina non compare per attività fisica ordinaria ma solo dopo uno sforzo intenso rapido e prolungato durante attività lavorativa o ricreativa CCS2 Angina compare camminando o salendo le scale rapidamente, camminando in salita, camminando o salendo le scale dopo i pasti, al freddo, con il vento durante stress emotivo o nelle prime ore dopo il risveglio. Camminando per più di due isolati in piano o salendo le scale per più di un piano a passo normale e in condizioni normali CCS3: limitazione marcata all’attività fisica ordinaria. L’angina compare camminando per uno o due isolati in piano e salendo le scale per più di un piano in condizioni normali CCS4: Incapacità a condurre qualsiasi attività fisica senza angina; sindrome anginosa può essere presente anche a riposo.
3. Il Registro Il Registro osservazionale raccoglie i dati dei pazienti consecutivamente afferenti alle strutture Cardiologiche UTIC del Dipartimento Cardiovascolare della ASL SA 3 di Vallo della Lucania e dimessi con diagnosi di S.C.A., afferenti ai codici 410,410.0, 410.1, 410.2, 410.3, 410.4, 410.5, 410.6, 410.7, 410.8, 410.9. 411.1. Lo obbiettivo del Registro è la definizione della epidemiologia, dei percorsi e dell’outcome dei pazienti ospedalizzati per Sindrome Coronarica Acuta e del Follow up post evento. Il registro si compone di due distinte Cartella: - La Cartella della Fase Acuta (Cartella Evento) - La Cartella del Fase post acuta (Cartella Follow-up)
4. La Cartella Evento La Cartella Evento è destinata alla Raccolta dati della fase Acuta si compone delle seguenti Schede: - Scheda 0 Generalità - Scheda 1 Dati anagrafici - Scheda 2 Anamnesi - Scheda 3 Esordio - Scheda 4 Ingresso - Scheda 5 Decorso Clinico - Scheda 6 Dati di Laboratorio - Scheda 7 Procedure/Interventi - Scheda 8 Terapia - Scheda 9 Rischio Clinico
5. La Cartella di Follow-up E’ previsto un follow-up di cinque anni con le seguenti cadenze - Follow-up a 1 mese dall’ evento - Follow-up a 3 Mesi dall’evento - Follow-up a 6 Mesi dall’Evento - Follow-up a 1 anno dall’evento - Follow-up a 1, 5 dall’evento - Follow-up a 2 anni dall’evento - Follow-up a 2,5 anni dall’evento - Follow-up a 3 anni dall’evento - Follow-up a 3,5 anni dall’evento - Follow-up a 4 anni dall’evento - Follow-up a 4,5 anni dall’evento - Follow-up a 5 anni dall’evento Il follow-up sarà in parte telefonico ed in parte fisico. La cartella di Follow-up è composta dalle seguenti schede: - Scheda 0 Generalità - Scheda 1 F.U. 0-2 Anni Eventi /Esami - Scheda 2 F.U. 0-2 Anni Dati Clinici e di Laboratorio - Scheda 3 F.U. 0-2 Anni Terapia - Scheda 4 F.U. 0-2 Anni Rischio Clinico - Scheda 5 F.U. 2-5 Anni Eventi /Esami - Scheda 6 F.U. 2-5 Dati Clinici e di Laboratorio - Scheda 7 F.U. 2-5 Terapia - Scheda 8 F.U. 2-5 Rischio Clinico
6. Centri partecipanti e criteri di inclusione I Centri obbligati alla partecipazione al Registro sono: - U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’OSPEDALE SAN LUCA di VALLO DELLA LUCANIA - U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’OSPEDALE L. CURTO di POLLA - U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’OSPEDALE di AGROPOLI - U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’OSPEDALE di ROCCADASPIDE - U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’OSPEDALE di SAPRI
Nel Registro vanno obbligatoriamente inseriti i pazienti ricoverati a far data dal 1 Maggio 2007 e dimessi con Diagnosi afferenti ai codici 410,410.0, 410.1, 410.2, 410.3, 410.4, 410.5, 410.6, 410.7, 410.8, 410.9. 411.1. Nel Registro vanno inoltre inclusi i pazienti ricoverati nei Centri di Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva. Della raccolta dati di tali pazienti si faranno carico le U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dei rispettivi Ospedali. Presso la U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’Ospedale San Luca di Vallo della Lucania. è istituito il Centro Raccolta Dati del Registro. La Cartella Evento va trasmessa entro il 5 del Mese successivo al Centro di Raccolta Dati del Registro istituito presso la U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’Ospedale San Luca di Vallo della Lucania, o trasferita insieme al paziente qualora il paziente venga inviato presso la U.O. UTIC-CARDIOLOGIA dell’Ospedale San Luca di Vallo della Lucania per essere eseguire procedure di cardiologia interventistica. La Cartella Follow-up va trasmessa entro il mese successivo a quello in cui si è svolto il Follow-up al Centro di Raccolta che provvederà a restituirla dopo inserimento dei dati nel Data Base del Registro. La corretta tenuta del registro per le S.C.A. costituisce elemento di valutazione per dirigenti.
7. Comitato Coordinamento E’ istituito il Comitato di Coordinamento del Registro R.O.S.A. Il Comitato è nominato dal Direttore del Dipartimento Cardiovascolare ed è coordinato dallo stesso.
Bibliografia ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Circulation published online jan 3,2006
ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Circulation 2007;115;2549-2569
Aloia A, Rinaldi G, Gatto F, Bottiglieri G, Giordano F, Gregorio G. Variazioni dei tempi precoronarici nel Cilento negli anni 1981-1999. Atti del II Congresso di Cardiologia della Campania, 1-2 Dicembre 2000.
Amigoni M, Barbieri P, De Biase AM et al. L’epidemiologia dell’infarto miocardico in Lombardia In Cardiologia 2002 Ed Silvio Klugmann. Vaccani Milano pag 54-58
Andersen HR. e coll for the DANAMI – 2 investigators. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolitic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl. J Med 2003; 349: 733-42.
Antman E. M.,. Cohen M,. Bernink P. J. M e al.: The TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina/Non-ST Elevation MI. A method for Prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA august 16, 2000; vol. 284, No.7 835-842.
Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC Jr, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ,
Gregoratos G,Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Canadian Cardiovascular Society.ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction) Circulation 2004; 110: e82-292.
Antoniucci D, Valenti R, Migliorini A, et al. Relation of time to treatment and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:1248-52.
Antoniucci D, Rodriguez A, Hempel A, et al. A randomized trial comparing primary infarct artery stenting with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1879-1885
Birkhead J. et al, on behalf of the National Audit of Myocardial Infarction Project (MINAP) Steering Group. Impact of specialty of admitting physician and type of hospital on care and outcome for myocardial infarction in England and Wales during 2004-5: observational study. BMJ, Jun 2006; 332: 1306-1311.
Boden W.E. et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease.N Engl J Med 2007;356
Bradley EH, Herrin J, Wang Y, Barton BA, Webster TR, Mattera JA, Roumanis SA, Curtis JP, Nallamothu BK, Magid DJ, McNamara RL, Parkosewich J, Loeb JM, Krumholz HM. Strategies for reducing the door-to-balloon time in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2308-20
Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Muncy DB et al. Importance of time-to-reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction with and without cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2003 Apr; 145 (4):708-15.
Brodie BR, Hansen C, Stuckey TD, Richter S, Versteeg DS, Gupta N, Downey WE, Pulsipher M. Door-to-balloon time with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction impacts late cardiac mortality in high-risk patients and patients presenting early after the onset of symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:289-95.
Buttner Heinz j, Mueller C., et al: The impact of obesity on mortality in UA/non –ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction European Heart Journal (2007) 28, 1694-1701
Canto GC, Roberts WJ, Bowlby LJ et al. The prehospital electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction: its full potential being realized ? J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 29 ( 3 ):498–505
Cardo S, Barone A.P., Agabiti N., Greco C., Jefferson T.,Guasticchi G, a nome del Gruppo di Lavoro Multidisciplinare PCAE-Sindromi Coronariche Acute Esperienze di reti regionali Percorso clinico assistenziale in emergenza – sindromi coronariche acute (Ital Heart J 2005; 6 (Suppl 6): 27S-40S)
Casella G. Trasporto interospedaliero per angioplastica primaria nei pazienti con infarto miocardico acuto: non è una semplice corsa in taxi! Ital Heart J suppl 2003; 4(6): 502-509.
Ceci V, Bottero G. Variazioni dei Tempi precoronarici (1973-1977). G Ital Cardiol 1978; 8: 799-801.
Chiarella F, Bolognese L, Greco C, Savonitto S, De Servi S, Di Chiara A, Mafrici A, Maggioni A, Ottani F, Fresco C. Indagine epidemiologica sulle sindromi coronariche acute senza sopraslivellamento ST: studio BLITZ 2 (dati preliminari presentati al XXXV Congresso Nazionale A.N.M.C.O. maggio 2004)
Davidson MH, Maki KC, Pearson TA, Pasternak RC, Deedwania PC, Mc Kenney JM, Fonarow Gc, Maron DJ, Ansel BJ, Clark LT, Ballantyne CM. Results of the National Cholesterol Education (NCEP) Program Evalution ProjecT Utilizing Novel E-Technology (NEPTUNE) il survey and implications for treatment under the recent NCEP Writing Group recommendations. Am j cardiol. 2005;96:556-563.
Degli Esposti L, Di Martino M, Saragoni S, Valpiani G, Capone A, Corvi E, Degli Espositi E. Pharmacoutilitazion of satin therapy after acute myocardial infarction. A real practice analysis based on administrative data. Ital heart J. 2004;5:120-126.
De Luca G, van't Hof AW, de Boer MJ, Ottervanger JP, Hoorntje JC, Gosselink AT, Dambrink JH, Zijlstra F, Suryapranata H.Time-to-treatment significantly affects the extent of ST-segment resolution and myocardial blush in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1009-13.
De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Antman EM.Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: every minute of delay counts. Circulation 2004; 109: 1223-5.
De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Stone GW, Antoniucci D, Tcheng JE, Neumann FJ, Van de Werf F, Antman EM, Topol EJ. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute STsegment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2005; 293: 1759-65.
Di Martino M, Degli Esposti et al. Under use of lipid lowering drugs and factors associated with poor adherence: a real practic analysis in Italy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol.2005;61;225-230.
Di Chiara A, Chiarella F, Savonitto S, Lucci D, Bolognese L, De Servi S, Greco C, Boccanelli A, Zonzin P, Coccolini S, Maggioni AP; BLITZ Investigators. Epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction in the Italian CCU network: the BLITZ study. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1616-29.
Di Chiara A, Fresco C, Savonitto S, Greco C, Lucci D, Gonzini L, Mafrici A, Ottani F, Bolognese L, De Servi S, Boccanelli A, Maggioni A, and Chiarella F on behalf of the BLITZ-2 Investigators Epidemiology of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes in the Italian cardiology network: the BLITZ-2 study European Heart Journal (2006) 27, 393–405
Domenichelli B, Manzoli U, Schiavoni G. Analisi dei tempi preospedalieri nell’Infarto Miocardico acuto. Difesa Sociale 1973; 2: 85-87.
EARISA.Studio sulla Epidemiologia e sull’Assorbimento di Risorse di Ischemia,Scompenso ed Aritmie.G Ital Cardiol 1997; 27 (Suppl2):3-54
Eagle KA, Montoye CK, Riba AL, DeFranco AC, Parrish R, Skorcz S, Baker PL, Faul J, Jani SM, Chen B, Roychoudhury C, Elma MA, Mitchell KR, Mehta RH. Guideline-based standardized care is associated with substantially lower mortality in medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction: the American College of Cardiology's Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) Projects in Michigan. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1242-8.
Eagle KA, Kline-Roger E, Goodman SG, Gurfinkel e, Avezum A, Flather Md, et al. Adherence to evidence-based thearapies after discharge for acute coronary syndromes. An ongoing, prospective,observational study. Am J MED. 2004;117:73-81.
Erne P et al. Effects of percutaneous coronary interventions in silent ischemia after myocardial infarction. JAMA 2007;297 :1985-1991
EUROASPIRE II study Group. Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries. Eur Heart J 2001;22:554-572.
EUROASPIRE study Group. EUROASPIRE. A European Society of cardiologiy survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: principal results. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1569-82.
Fernandez-Aviles F, Alonso JJ, Castro-Beiras A et al for GRACIA Grupo de Analisis de la Cardiopatia Isquemica Aguda Group.. Routine invasive strategy within 24 hours of thrombolysis versus ischaemia-guided conservative approach for acute myocardial infarction with ST- segment elevation (GRACIA-1): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 1045-53.
Fernandez-Aviles F, Alonso JJ, Pena G, Blanco J, Alonso-Briales J, Lopez-Mesa J, Fernandez-Vazquez F, Moreu J, Hernandez RA, Castro-Beiras A, Gabriel R, Gibson CM, Sanchez PL. HTUPrimary angioplasty vs. early routine post-fibrinolysis angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation: the Gracia 2 non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2007 Jan 23; [Epub ahead of print]
FIC-ANMCO-SIC Documento di Consenso Infarto Miocardio Acuto con ST elevato persistente: verso un appropriato percorso diagnostico-terapeutico nella comunità. Ital Heart Suppl. 2002,3(11): 1127-1164
F. I. C. –S. I. C. I. Documento di Consenso La rete interospedaliera per l’emergenza CoronariCa (Ital Heart J 2005; 6 (Suppl 6): 5S-26S)
Fonarow G:C et al. Use of lipid-lowering medications at discharge in patients with acute myocardial infarction Circulation 2001; 103:38-44.
Fox KA, Goodman SG, Klein W et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes. Variation in practice and outcome. Findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J 2002; 23 :1177-89
Gersh BJ, Stone GW, White HD, Holmes DR, Jr. Pharmacological Facilitation of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Is the Slope of the Curve the Shape of the Future? JAMA 2005; 293: 979-986.
Gershlick AH, Stephens-Lloyd A, Hughes S, Abrams KR, Stevens SE, Uren NG, de Belder A, Davis J, Pitt M, Banning A, Baumbach A, Shiu MF, Schofield P, Dawkins KD, Henderson RA, Oldroyd KG, Wilcox R; REACT Trial Investigators. Rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2758-68.
Gibson CM et al. Early and long-term clinical outcomes associated with reinfarction following fibrinolytic administration in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:7-16
Gibson CM, Karha J, Murphy SA et al for TIMI study Group Early and long-term clinical outcomes associated with reinfarction following fibrinolytic administration in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jul 2; 42 (1): 7-16.
GISSI-1 Ricecatori. Epidemiologia del ritardo evitabile nel trattamento dell’infarto miocardico acuto: lo studio “Gissi Ritardo evitabile”. G Ital Cardiol 1996; 26: 807- 820.
GISSI-1 ricercatori. Effectiveness of intravenous trhombolityc treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986; 12: 397-402.
GISSI-1 Progetto generale e sottoprogetti. Risultati della fase acuta e del Follow-up. G Ital Cardiol vol 17, i, 1987.
Grech ED, Sutton AG, Campbell PG, Ashton VJ, Price DJ, Hall JA, de Belder MA. Reappraising the role of immediate intervention following thrombolytic recanalization in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 400-5.
Gregorio G, Citro R, Chieffo C, Corsini F, Riccio C, Iacomino M., Serafino M. Epidemiologia delle Sindromi Coronariche Acute in Campania Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2005; 64: 157-163
Gregorio G, Baldi G, Cuda A. I tempi di Ospedalizzazione nell’Infarto Miocardico Acuto. Dipartimenta 1982; 3: 43-51.
Gregorio G, D’Agosto F, Cuda A. I tempi precoronarici nel Cilento. Dipartimenta 1989; 6: 19-24.
Gregorio G. I tempi di Ospedalizzazione nell’IMA. Cilento Medicina 90 Atti. Dipartimenta 1990; 13: 133-140.
Gregorio G, Serafino M, Petraglia L, Palladino P, Pellegrino N, Caporosso P, Muto C, Giasi M. Epidemiologia dell’Infarto Miocardico Acuto nella Città di Napoli: analisi della tipologia di ricovero e trattamento. Atti del 6° Congresso di Cardiologia ANMCO Napoli, 27-29 Novembre 1997.
Gregorio G. S.C.A, dalle dimensioni del problema alle risposte organizzative. Atti del Convegno Le Sindromi Coronariche Acute. Paestum 11 novembre 2004.
Gregorio G, Galzerano D, Lama D, F. Gatto, A. Caruso, L. Gallo, F. D’Agosto, M. Serafino, S. Gentile, M. Varricchio. L’Infarto Miocardico Acuto nell’anziano: analisi dei tempi precoronarici in una UTIC di Provincia. Giornale Italiano di Gerontologia 1992;.vol XL: 622-25.
Grines CL, Serruys P, O'Neill WW. Fibrinolytic therapy: is it a treatment of the past? Circulation. 2003;107:2538-42.
Grines CL et al for the AIR – PAMI study group. A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty vs on-site thrombolisis in patients with high – risk myocardial infarction: the Air-Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction study. J Am Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 1713-9.
Grundy SM et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholosterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227-239.
Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986;1:397-402.
Hasdai D, Behar S, Boyko V, Battler A. Treatment modalities of diabetes mellitus and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes. Coron Artery Dis. 2004; 15(3):129-35.
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, White HD, et al, for the Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock (SHOCK) Investigators. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA 2001;285:190-2.
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al, for the Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock (SHOCK) Investigators. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999;341:625-34.
Ho PM et al. Cardiology management improves secondary prevention measures among patients with coronary artery disease. JACC 2004 vol.43(9) 1517-23.
Hofsten D.E. et al Prevalence and prognostic implications of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after revascularization with either fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 2007;28:407-414
John JM, Bhatt DL. Management of acute coronary syndrome in diabetes mellitus. Herz. 2004;29(5):532-41.
Julian DG. The history of coronary care unit. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 497- 502.
Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003;361:13-20.
Koteseva K et al. Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. Lancet 2001; 357: 995-1000.
Kuch B, Bolte HD, Hoermann A,Meisinger C, Loewel H. What is the real hospital mortalità from acute myocardial infarction? Epidemiological vs clinical view Eur Heart J 2002;23:714-20
Kunadian B, Sutton AG, Vijayalakshmi K, Thornley AR, Gray JC, Grech ED, Hall JA, Harcombe AA, Wright RA, Smith RH, Murphy JJ, Shyam-Sundar A, Stewart MJ, Davies A, Linker NJ, de Belder MA. Early invasive versus conservative treatment in patients with failed fibrinolysis--no late survival benefit: the final analysis of the Middlesbrough Early Revascularisation to Limit Infarction (MERLIN) randomized trial. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 763-71.
Marzegalli M., Oltrona L., Corrada E, Fontana G,Klugmann S. La rete per la gestione delle sindromi coronariche acute della Città di Milano:risultati di quattro anni di esperienza e prospettive del network cardiologico preospedaliero e interospedaliero (Ital Heart J 2005; 6 (Suppl 6): 49S-56S)
Mauri,MG Franzosi, PA Maggioni, E Santoro, L Santoro Clinical Value of 12-Lead Electrocardiography to Predict the Long-Term Prognosis of GISSI-1 Patients J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1594–600.
McGuire DK, Newby LK, Bhapkar MV, Moliterno DJ, Hochman JS, Klein WW, Weaver WD, Pfisterer M, Corbalan R, Dellborg M, Granger CB, Van De Werf F, Topol EJ, Califf RM; SYMPHONY and 2nd Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, et al. Benefit of adding clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2005; 352.
Margheri e coll. Transferring patients for direct coronary angioplasty: a retrospective analysis of 135 unselected patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ital Heart j 2001; 2: 921-26.
Masini V, Floris B, Dini P. Tempi precoronarici. Osservazioni su 100 casi. G Ital Cardiol 1973; 3: 220-223
Montalescot G, Andersen HR, Antoniucci D, et al. Recommendations on percutaneous coronary intervention for the reperfusion of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Heart 2004; 90: e37
Montalescot G, Dallangeville J., Van Belle E., Rouanet S., Baulac C, et al. : STEMI and NSTEMI : are they so different? 1 year outcome in acute myocardial infarction as defined by the ESC/ACC definition (the OPERA Registry). European Heart Journal (2007) 28, 1409-1417
Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, McDonald AC, et al. Mortality and prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000; 283: 2686–2692.)
Morrow DA, Antman EM, Charlesworth A, et al. TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24; 102 (17): 2031-7.
Morrow RA, Antman EM, Giugliano RP et al A simple risk index for rapid initial triage of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction . an InTime substudy Lancet 2001;358:1571
Musso P e coll.Trasferimento da spoke a hub di pazienti con sindrome coronarica acuta. G. Ital Cardiol. 2006; 7(9): 626-630.
Olivari Z, Di Pede F,Giujusa T, et al. Epidemiologia ospedaliera e caratteristiche di presentazione dell'infarto miocardico acuto con ST sopraslivellato: dati dal registro VENERE. Ital Heart J 2004 suppl 5: 136S .
Oltrona L, Mafrici A, Marzegalli M, Fiorentini C, Pirola R, Vincenti A. La gestione della fase iperacuta dell’infarto miocardico con sopraslivellamneto del tratto ST nella Regione Lombardia (Gest-IMA). Ital Heart J Suppl 2005; 6: 489-497.
O’Neill WW. “Watchful waiting” after thrombolysis: it’s time for a re-evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:17-19
Osteberg L. and Blaschle T. Drug Therapy-Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 487-97.
Patel TN, Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Ellis SG. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of rescue percutaneous coronary intervention after failed fibrinolysis. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:1685-90
Perez de Arenaza D, Taneja AK, Flather M. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (PRAGUE-2 trial). Eur Heart J . 2003;24:1798.
Petronio AS, Musumeci G, Limbruno U, De Carlo M, Baglini R, Paterni G, Grazia Delle Donne M, Caravelli P, Nardi C, Mariani M.Abciximab improves 6-month clinical outcome after rescue coronary angioplasty.Am Heart J 2002; 143: 334-41.
Primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: six month follow up and analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials.PCAT Collaboration. Grines C. Patel A, Zijlstra F et al, Am Heart Journal 2003; 145:47.57
Pyora K, et al. Preventiomn of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology, European Atherosclerosis Society and European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J. 1994 Oct; 15(10):1300-31.
Righetti G, Jacobellis GF, Puddu PE, Gradi P, Pozzar F, Curione M, Puletti M. Il ritardo di Ospedalizzazione nell’Infarto Miocardio. G Ital Cardiol 1978; 8: 37-42.
Rondina M.T. et al Archieving National Cholesterol Education Program goals in coronary artery disease. Prev. Card. 2005; 8: 18-22.
Schults Js et al. Determination of Compliance with statin therapy and LDL-C Goal Attainment in a Managed Care Population. The American Journal of Managed Care. 2005; 306-312
Sestri G, Vitello N, Cirillo R, Granato L, Lirato C, Carotenuto C, Brizio E, Pagano V, Fontana D, Di Palma F. Il ritardo evitabile: analisi dei fattori che lo determinano. Atti del Congresso di Cardiologia della Campania Napoli 2-4 dicembre 1999.
Smith C.S. et al. Early initiation of lipid-lowering therapy for the acute coronary syndromes improves compliance with guidelines recommendations: observation from the Orbofibanin patients with unstable coronary syndromes (OBUS-TIMI 16) trial Am. Hearth J. 2005; 149: 444-50.
Smith C.S: et al. AHA/ACC Guidelines for secondary Prevention for Patients with Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 Update. Circulation 2006; 113:2363-2372.
Spertus JA, Eagle KA, Krumholz HM, Mitchell KR, Normand S-LT, for the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Methodology for the Selection and Creation of Performance Measures for Quantifying the Quality of Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2005;111:1703-1712.
SYMPHONY Investigators. Association of diabetes mellitus and glycemic control strategies with clinical outcomes after acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J. 2004; 147(2):246-52885.
Steffenino G, Santoro GM, Maras P et al for MISTRAL Investigators In-hospital and one-year outcomes of patients with high-risk acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis or primary coronary angioplasty. Ital Heart J. 2004 Feb; 5 (2): 136-45.
Steffenino G. U. Hub, spoke e sindromi coronariche acute. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia 2006. Vol 7 (n° 9): pagg 631-634.
Steg PG et al Baseline characteristics, management practices, and in – hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Am J of Cardiol.2002; 90: 358-63.
Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S, et al. Impact of Time to Treatment on Mortality After Prehospital Fibrinolysis or Primary Angioplasty: data from the CAPTIM randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2003;108:2851-6.
Steg PG, Dabbous OH, Feldman LJ et al for GRACE Investigators , Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Circulation. 2004 Feb 3;109(4):494-9.
Stenestrand U, Lindback J, Wallentin L; RIKS-HIA Registry.Long-term outcome of primary percutaneous coronary intervention vs prehospital and in-hospital thrombolysis for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.JAMA 2006; 296: 1749-56.
Tarantini G, Razzolini R, Ramondo A, Napodano M, Bilato C, Iliceto S.Explanation for the survival benefit of primary angioplasty over thrombolytic therapy in patients with STelevation acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 1503-5.
Tavazzi L, Chiariello M, Scherillo M, Ferrari R, Greco C, Zardini P, Antoniucci D, Barsotti A, Crea F, Klugmann S. Federazione Italiana di Cardiologia (ANMCO/SIC): Documento di Consenso. Infarto miocardico acuto con ST elevato persistente: verso un appropriato percorso diagnostico-terapeutico nella comunità. Ital Heart J Suppl 2002; 3: 1127-64.
The GUSTO Investigators. An International Randomized Trial Comparing Four Thrombolytic Strategies for Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med . 1993;329:673-682.
The Task Force on the management of acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology Management of myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST elevation. Eur Heart J 2003 24, 28-66
The TIMI study group. Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phase II trial. N Engl J Med 1989;320:618-27
Van de Werf F., Gore J. M., Avezum A. et al. For the GRACE Investigators. Access to catheterisation facilities in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome: multinational registry study. BMJ doi:10.1136/bmj.38335.390718.82 (published 24 january 2005
Van Ganse E et al. Lipid-modifyng therapy and attainement of cholesterol goals in Europe: REALITY study. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2005; 9: 1389-1399
Vendrametto F. e coll. Angioplastica coronarica ed immediato ritrasferimento all’ospedale di provenienza nei pazienti con sindrome coronarica acuta. La nostra esperienza. G. Ital Cardiol. 2006; 7: 281-6.
Widimsky P. e coll. For the PRAGUE – 2 study group investigators. Multicenter randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory.The PRAGUE study. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 823-31.
Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D, Groch L, Zelizko M, Aschermann M, Branny M, St'asek J, Formanek P. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Final results of the randomized national multicentre trial--PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J . 2003;24:94-104.
Widimsky P, Bilkova D, Penicka M, Novak M, Lanikova M, Porizka V, Groch L, Zelizko M, Budesinsky T, Asc hermann M. Long-term outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to hospitals without catheterization laboratory and randomized to immediate thrombolysis or interhospital transport for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Five years' follow-up of the PRAGUE-2 trial. Eur Heart J . 2007.
Wiviott SD, Morrow DA, Frederick PD et al. Performance of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk index in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-3 and -4: a simple index that predicts mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Aug 18; 44 (4):783-9
Wong CK, White HD. Has the mortality rate from acute myocardial infarction fallen substantially in recent years ? Eur Heart J 2002,23 :689-706
Yonathan Hasin et al Recommendations for the structure, organization and operation of intensive care unit. Eur Heart J 2005; 16: 1676-1682
Yusuf S, Flather M, Pogue J, Hunt D, Varigos J, Piegas L, Avezum A, Anderson J, Keltai M, Budaj A, Fox K, Ceremuzynski L.. Variations between countries in invasive cardiac procedures and outcomes in patients with suspected unstable angina or myocardial infarction without initial ST elevation. OASIS (Organisation to Assess Strategies for Ischaemic Syndromes) Registry Investigators. Lancet 1998; 352:507–14.
Zahn R, Schiele R, Schneider S et al. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: can we define subgroups of patients benefiting most from primary angioplasty? Results from the pooled data of the Maximal Individual Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry and the Myocardial Infarction Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jun 1;37 (7):1827-35.
Zijlstra F, Patel A, Jones M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with early (<2 h), intermediate (2-4 h) and late (>4 h) presentation treated by primary coronary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2002;23:550-7
|
